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Background & Objective: Anxiety and assertiveness lead to disorder achievement, destroying intelligence and learning abilities, decreasing thinking attention and declining talents. It causes damage to individuals, family and community. Several therapeutic procedures suggested such as drug therapy for solving anxiety and increasing assertiveness, one of none drug therapy (Behavioral therapy) is assertive training. In respect of contradiction of any results in the field of assertive training, we decided to design and carry out the present study. Materials & Methods: In study of field trial, first, we distributed overt and latent Spilberger’s anxiety questionnaire and Gambrilrichy’s assertive questionnaire among all nursing student’s of nursing and midwifery department of Nassibeh in Sari by sensus, and a number of 60 students with anxiety ranging were from moderate to sever with low assertiveness were selected, after matching than on the bases of sex, degree of interesting, course of study the degree, anxiety and assertiveness, they are divided in case and control group equally. For case group, assertive training performed during 6 weeks, once in a week for half an hour and no training is considered for control group. Degree of anxiety and assertiveness of nursing students in control and case group assessed and compaired by the use of couple T-test. Results: Couple T-test’s presented that decrease of overt and latent anxiety of nursing students in case group pre and post assertiveness training was significant (Latent anxiety, T=7.68, overt anxiety, T=4.97, P<0.05) on the bases couple T-test, increase of assertiveness degree in control group in pre and post assertive training was significant compairing to control group (T=-9.93, P<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding that increasing anxiety and decreasing assertiveness has undesirable effect on job performance, individual achievement and ability and with respecting to usefulness of assertive training procedure in decreasing anxiety and increasing assertiveness, it is suggested that assertive training is used as an on therapeutic procedure for decreasing anxiety and increasing assertiveness for nursing students.

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Background&Objective: It is very important to choos a proper teaching training method to stimulate people to improve the quality and standard of their life. A proper family planing practic is one of such methods. Materials&Methods: This study is a semi-experimental research which was carried out during 2004 with the aim of comparing the two way of either indivisually or group eduction on the subsequent resuts of family planning practice among the sample populations. Sample population all were the women whome referred to the two health centers in Gorgan. 218 women were choosed by simple methods, and were divided in two groups of 109 randomly. The case and control group were trained in group and in indivisual respectively. Results: After the training of was finshed the women were asked their method of family planning of their choice. 3-6 month afterward this study was focused on the women continuation use of their choices. Collected information was recorded using a questionairs. The results were analyzed using statistic tests such as chi-squar in SPSS software. Conclusion: There was not a meaningfull differences in the efficay of either methods in this sample population, therefore it is suggested to use a group training as it is cheaper and the training is possible to be carried out by few health workers.

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Background&Objective: Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is referred to some activites performed by individuals to resuscitation heart and ventilation. Knowledge, skill, experience and positive attitude by resuscitating personals have an effective role on CPR. This study aimed to explore the effect of CPR training on knowledge of nurses working in the hospitals affiliated to Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Materials&Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 26 nurses from the hospitals affiliated to Golestan University were selected randomly. Data collected using a questionnaire including 43 questions which completed by participants before and after training session. The teaching method was lecturing and practicing on the manikin during two eight hours session in two days. The content of training included both basic and advanced CPR. The data was analyzed using Wilcoxon test with significant level at α =0.01. Results: 57.7% of nurses were male and 42.3%were female with the average age of 35.54±5.99 years and the average age of work experience of 10.35 years. The data showed the knowledge of nurses staff regarding arrhythmias, therapeutic algorithms, and also drug therapy was low before training, however it improved significantly after training according Wilcoxon test. It was not found any significant improvement in amount of knowledge of our participants regarding cardiac arrest symptoms, airway management, cardiac massage, after training. Conclusion: The results indicated personals low knowledge about arrhythmias and related issues. Also the results showed the effect of training program on improvement on knowledge of nurses about CPR.

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Background&Objective: Dyspnoea and fatigue caused considerable impairment in the functional performance and quality of life in HF patients. The purpose of this study were to determine efficacy of home walking exercise program on functional performance and quality of life in patients with heart failure. Materials&Methods: This study was qusiexperimental trial that assessed efficacy of home-based exercise program on the functional performance and quality of life in patients with HF in the Ahvaz city (2005). In this study 60 patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II and III heart failure divided two groups training (n=30) and control (n=30). Material or measurements was demographic characteristics form, Minnesota quality of life check list and timed exercise program form. Exercise training in the patients would be performed tree day per week for 8 weeks. Determination quality of life measures by Minnesota check list would be performed in both the training and control groups at entry and after 8 weeks. Also 6 minute walking tests for determination functional performance would be performed in both groups at entry and after 8 weeks. Ultimately data analysis by SPSS softward. Results: results showed that significant difference existed between mean walking distance on the 6MWT at entry and after 8 weeks in the training group (373.86 to 412.30 m, P<0.05), that no significance was seen between control group (376.79 to 377.63 m). Also significant difference exists between mean quality of life scores at entry and after 8 weeks in the training group (52.32 to 43.80), that no significance was seen between control group (52.43 to 52.50). Conclusion: This study showed that home-based exercise program affected on functional performance and quality of life in HF patients. Its accepted. Therefore exercise training can be used as a therapeutic approach in these patients, because not only promotes quality of life but also improve the functional performance.

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Background and Objective: Fibrinogen, an inflammatory marker as well as a fundamental part of the coagulation cascade, is suggested to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and complications of atherothrombotic diseases. This study was carried out to assess the comparison of acute aerobic and resistance training method on plasma fibrinogen concentration in young women. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was done on twenty trained volunteer women students, which was selected objectively, and availability. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of aerobic (n=10) and resistance training (n=10). Aerobic group performed exhaustive workout program on treadmill intensity 65 to75% of Vo2max on treadmill. The resistance group completed three sets of 5-7 repetitions of six exercises at an intensity corresponding to 80% of 1RM. Following 12 to 14 hours of nightly fasting, venous blood samples (5 cc) were collected pre, immediately after exercise and after 60 min of recovery and analyzed for fibrinogen content. Participants were matched according to anthropometric measurements, age, fat percentage and Vo2max. Data tested by using independent t, repeated measures analysis of variance and post-hoc test least significant difference (LSD) (P≤0.05). Results: In both the aerobic and resistance training groups, fibrinogen levels increased immediately after exercise and remained higher than baseline levels during recovery. This changes were significant only in aerobic group (P<0.05). Resistance training increased significantly the fibrinogen levels immediately after exercise than aerobic exercise (P<0.035). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the exhaustive aerobic exercise may induce slightly increase the fibrinogen levels in comparison with resistance training at intensity corresponding to 80% of 1RM.

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Background and Objective: The quality of life is advesly affected by type 2 diabetes as a serious metabolic disorder. This study was done to investigate the effect of aerobic training and drug intervention on quality of life in women with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 52 women with type 2 diabetes divided into four groups including aerobic training with full medicinal doses (group I), aerobic training with half medicinal doses (group II), full medicinal doses without training (group III) and half medicinal doses without training (group IV). Subjects in aerobic training groups participated in 8 weeks training program. Duration of each training session was 45 minutes from the beginning and increased gradually until 105 minutes. Full medicinal doses included Metformin (500 mg) and Glibenclamide (5 mg). Half medicinal doses included Metformin (250 mg) and Glibenclamide (2.5 mg), daily. Subjects without training, did not participate in any physical activities. Quality of life was assessed using SF-36 questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-18, ANOVA and t dependent tests. Results: There was no significant difference regarding quality of life between groups at pre-test. After the intervention, the quality of life in group I significantly increased (P<0.05). In group II, all subscales of the quality of life increased however, only social function was significant (P<0.05). In group III, all subscales of the quality of life decreased however, physical function, emotional and pain were significant (P<0.05). In group IV, the quality of life significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic training with full medicinal doses could improved the quality of life in women with type 2 Diabetes.

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Background and Objective: Increasing the intensity of training is one of the factors that improve the athletic performance. Evaluation of psychological and biochemical factors is believed to be beneficial for evaluating the effectiveness of training schedule. Previous studies have shown that there are various responses to the training intensity due to the level of athlete’s fitness and the kind of training. This study was done to investigate the effect of intensive training on salivary level of cortisol, testosterone, α-amylase and mood of elite adolescent wrestlers. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on fifteen adolescent wrestlers of Iranian national team during 2009. The subjects were under extension training for three weeks. The saliva samples were taken prior, first, second and third weeks of training to determine cortisol, testosterone and α-amylase level of salivary samples. Also, the Brahms questionnaire was used to assess the mood profile before and after the training. Data were analyzed using SPSS-14, ANOVA and student t-tests. Results: There was no significant differences of salivary cortisol (7.69±0.75, 8.1±0.93 ng/ml), testosterone (82.3±0.89, 64.2±1.7 ng/ml), α-amylase (98.81±1.35, 84.2±1.5 U/ml) level and mood (16.4±3.28, 20.08±2.91) of subjects prier and after training. Conclusion: This study indicated that the intensive training do not alter salivary hormons level and mood of elite adolescent wrestlers.

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Background and Objective: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is involved in regulation of proliferation, differentiation, hypertrophy and anti-apoptosis and activation of satellite cells. This study was done to evaluated the effect of 8 weeks resistance training on sphingosine-1-phosphate level and gene expression of SK1 enzyme, isoforms of MHCs in skeletal muscles of male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was done on Twenty four 8-week-old 190-250 gr male Wistar rats. The rats were allocated randomly into control (N=12) and training (N=12) groups. Resistance training was done using a 1 meter height ladder with 2 cm grid with an 85 degree incline, and weights attached to rat's tails. The content of S1P present in the chloroform layer was determined by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Determination of relative mRNA expression was performed by Real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and independent t-test. Results: Resistance exercise training increased the total content of S1P in FHL (fast-twitch) and soleus (slow-twitch) muscles in comparison with control group (P<0.05). Resistance exercise training changed the gene expression of FHL SK1, SOL SK1, FHL MHC I, Sol MHC I, FHL MHC IIa, Sol MHC IIa, FHL MHC IIb, Sol MHC IIb, FHL MHC IIx, Sol MHC IIx in comparison with control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that S1P level and gene expression of SK1, MHCs increased at skeletal muscles after training.

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Background and Objective: Oxidative damage associated with the presence of Lead in the brain has been proposed as one possible molecular mechanism involved in Lead toxicity. Aerobic exercise is known to protect the brain through a cascade of molecular and cellular processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 week aerobic training on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rat's cerebellum exposed to Lead acetate. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups: sedentary base, sham (30 mg/kg of ethyloleate), Lead and exercise+Lead (20 mg/kg Lead acetate, intraperitoneally). The exercise program consisted of progressive running training on the treadmill for 15 to 22 m/min, 25 to 64 min/day, and 5 days/week for 8 weeks. BDNF and MDA levels were measured by ELISA and TBARS methods, respectively. Results: Chronic Lead acetate administration enhanced significantly (P<0.05) cerebellar MDA levels in rats compare to base and sham groups but had no effect on BDNF levels. Cerebellar MDA significantly was reduced and BDNF non significantly was increased in Lead acetate+ training group. Conclusion: Regular aerobic exercise with moderate intense may exert role neuroprotective against Lead-induced cerebellar injury by down-regulating oxidative stress and promotes brain health through increases in BDNF.

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Background and Objective: Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings about the effect of endurance training on level of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in obese individuals. This study was performed to determine the effect of resistance training on serum level of IL-18 and hsCRP in obese men. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, eighteen obese men were randomly divided into training and control groups. After 12-hours fasting, height, weight, body mass index, body fat percent, serum level of IL-18 and hsCRP were assessed before and after training period. Resistance training protocol consisted of twelve weeks training, 3 sessions training per week, each session for 60 minutes. Results: Mean±SD of IL-18 were 323.34±46.57 pg/ml and 239.43±53.75 pg/ml in training and control groups, respectively. Mean±SD of hsCRP was 3.83±3.65 µg/ml and 3.03±2.98 µg/ml in training and control groups, respectively. This difference was not significant. Conclusion: Performing resistance training for twelve weeks did not significantly reduce IL-18 and hsCRP in obese men.

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Background and Objective: Trophic factor family plays a key role for neuromuscular system healthy. This study was carried out to determine the effect of one session of resistance exercise on protein content and mRNA expression of NT4/5 in rat slow and fast muscles. Methods: In this experimental study, sixteen adult male rats randomly were allocated into resistance exercise (T) and control groups. The resistance training protocol consisted of climbing a 1-meter–long ladder, with a weight attached to a tail sleeve. Quantitative Real time RT-PCR for NT-4/5 expression and ELISA Kit for protein assay were used. Results: Resistance training significantly decreased mRNA expression and increased protein of NT4/5 in soleus muscle (P<0.05). Significant alteration was not detected in flexor hallucis longus muscle. Conclusion: One session of resistance training can alter protein and mRNA of NT-4/5 in skeletal muscle and this alteration was dependent on muscle type.

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Background and Objective: Lead as an environmental pollutant can damage the immune system. This study was done to determine the effect of moderate-intensity exercise and Curcumin supplement on serum level of immunoglobulin A in rats exposed to lead acetate. Methods: In this experimental study, 46 male rats were allocated into six groups including Control (C), vehicle (V), lead (L), lead and exercise (LE), lead and curcumin (LC), Lead+exercise+curcumin (LEC). Animals in training groups ran on treadmill for 8 weeks (25- 64 minutes per daily, 15-22 meter/minute and 0% grade). Animals in Lead, LE, LC and LEC groups were received lead acetate (20 mg/kg/bw) and vehicle animals were received ethyl oleat (30 mg/kg/bw) Intraperitoneally for 3 days per week for 8 weeks. Rats in curcumin and LEC groups were received Curcumin (30mg/kg/bw), for 3 day per week for 8 weeks. IgA level were measured by single radial immuno diffusion method. Results: Lead acetate significantly increased MDA levels at P<0.05 in animals. IgA level was 0.2, 0.41 and 0.47 mg/dL in Lead, LE and LEC groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The simultaneous use of endurance exercise training and curcumin due to increased IgA activity has beneficial effects against lead poisoning.

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Background and Objective: Fluctuation in the homeostasis system is one of the main causes of heart attacks. There are contradectry reports regarding the effect of regular exercise, particularly resistance training on hemostasis indeces. This study was done to determine the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on hemostasis indeces and lipid profile in adult men. Methods: In this clinical trail study, 16 adult men were randomly divided into interventional and control groups. Subjects in interventional group participated in a resistance training program including a period 3 days a week for 8 weeks session. Body mass index, level of fibrinogen, protrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), platelet count, D-dimer fibrinolytic factor, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL and LDL were measured for each subject. Results: After 8 weeks of resistance training, the level of fibrinogen, PT, PTT and platelets count were significantly reduced and D-dimer fibrinolytic factor increased in interventional group in compared to controls (P<0.05). Serum level of Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL and LDL had no significant change in interventional group in comparsion with the controls. Conclusion: Resistance training reduces hemostasis indeces in adult men.

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Background and Objective: Free radical production andsubsqunt oxidative steress can be due to hyperglycemia and its oxidation. This study was done to evaluate the effect of swimming training test and Fenugreek seed extract on plasma glucose and antioxidant activity in heart tissue of streptozotocine – induced diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 male wistar rats were allocated into five groups diabetic (DC, n=10), healthy control (HC, n=10), swimming training (S, n=10), swimming training + Fenugreek seed extract (1.74 g/kg/bw) (SF1, n=10), and swimming training + Fenugreek seed extract (0.87 g/kg/bw) (SF2, n=10). Streptozotocine (60 mg/kg/bw) was used for induction of diabetes in DC, S, SF1 and SF2 groups. Serum glucose and the rat heart tissue antioxidant enzymes activities of superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Glutation peroxidase were determined. Results: Body weight in all groups were significantly reduced in comparsion with healthy control group (P<0.05). Plasma glucose level significantly reduced in SF1 and HC groups compared to diabetic group (P<0.05). Cardiac antioxidant enzymes in swimming training, SF1 and SF2 groups significantly increased in compare to diabetic group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The combination of endurance swimming training and fenugreek seed extract can reduce plasma glucose and increase cardiac antioxidant enzymes in streptozotocine – induced diabetic rats.

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Background and Objective: Paraoxonase-1 is an important factor in preventing lipid oxidation and formation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. There are conflicting reports on the impact of physical activity on serum level of Paraoxonase-1. This study was done to determine the effect of four weeks of endurance training on serum level of Paraoxonase-1 and lipid profile in non-athlete obese men. Method: In this clinical trial study, sixteen obese healthy non-athletic men randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Subjects in interventional group were practiced endurance running periodic for four weeks, three sessions a week with 65-80% of maximum heart rate. Blood samples collected 48 hours perior the first and 48 hours following the final training. Serum level of Paraoxonase-1 and lipid profile including cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein were measured by ELISA method. Results: At the end of the training, the serum level of of paraoxonase -1 increased 15.57% (P<0.05) in interventional group and non-significantly reduced in control group (19.25%). The serum level of serum Paraoxonase-1 in interventional group significantly increased compared to controls (P<0.05). The serum level of low-density lipoprotein in interventional group significantly reduced in comparision with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: 4 weeks of endurance training increased serum level of paraoxonase -1 and decreased low-density lipoprotein in non-athlete obese men.

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Background and Objective: Physical activities affect on antioxidative pathway. Varity, period and intensity of activities are important in health improvement. This study was carried out to determine the effect of short and medium periods of high intensities aerobic training on serum level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) enzymes in female rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 45 Sprague Dawley female rats were randomly allocated into control, short (4 weeks) and medium (8 weeks) of high intensities aerobic training groups. The exercise program was performed on 5 session in each week with speed of 10-17 meters per minute in slope range (5

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Background and Objective: There are controversial reports about the effect of training on serum level of visfatin and TNF-α Cytokine .This study was done to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on serum level of visfatin and TNF-α in non-athletic young women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, thirty non-athletic healthy women were non-randomly based on the weight, height, BMI index and body fat percentage divided into two control and training groups. In the training group 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on a stationary bicycle 3 times a week was performed. Serum level of visfatin and TNF-α was measured using ELISA method, prior and at the end of 8th week of training while the subjects were fasted for 12-14 hours. Results: At the end of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, serum level of visfatin and TNF-α significantly reduced in the training group in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic training reduces visfatin and TNF-α serum level in non-athletic healthy women.

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Background and Objective: The shoulder joint is continuously under various pressures. Shoulder impingement syndrome is the most common problem. Stability of the shoulder is due to the interaction between static and dynamic stability which is caused through mediation of sensorimotor system (proprioception). This study was investigated to determine the effect of 6 weeks resistance training with elastic-band on proprioception in male athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome. Method: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 adult males with shoulder syndrome divided into control and interventional groups. Subjects in interventional group were received resistance exercises with elastic-band for six weeks. The shoulder joint proprioception, perior and at the end of study in 0, 45 and 90 angle were measured using isokinetic, Biodex System 3. Results: Significant improvement in the shoulder joint proprioception in 0, 45 and 90 angle were observed in interventional group in comparision with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Six weeks of resistance training with elastic-band improved shoulder joint proprioception of males with impingement syndrome.

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Background and Objective: Leptin has a key role in obesity and type 2 of diabetes. This study was done to compare the effects of eight weeks aerobic and combined training on serum levels of leptin and glucose in type 2 diabetic men. Method: This clinical trial study was performed on 24 men with type 2 diabetes whom reffered to Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah, West of Iran during June to August 2012. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups including aerobic training, combined training (aerobic and resistance training) and control groups. Training protocols included three 1-hour sessions per week for eight weeks. Subjects in the control group did not participate in any physical activities. Serum levels of leptin and glucose were measured 48 hours before and 48 hours after intervention as fasting values in pre-and post-tests. Results: There was no significant difference between groups at pre-test for serum levels of leptin and glucose. After intervention, serum level of glucose in the aerobic group and serum level of glucose and leptin in the combined group were significantly reduced in compared to the controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic and combined training with beneficial effects on the sera glucose level are recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes. However, combined training, regarding reducing leptin level seems to be more useful for these subjects.

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Background and Objective: The therapy of psychological problems in children and adolescents not only has medicinal aspects, but also it is really considered as prevention of psychological disorders. The most common childhood disorders that may be referred to mental health professionals is behavioral disorders. Among these, the most common is conduct disorder. This study was done to determine the efficacy of adolescent parent management training in conduct disorder symptoms and improve parents' parenting styles in 14-16 adolescent. Methods: In this clinical trial study, following the diagnosis disorder in 32 adolescent the subjects and their parents randomly divided into the intervention and control groups. Disease sign inventory (CSI-4) questionnaire, rabinson parenting style questionnaire and sanders educational package for adolescent were used in pre and post-test. Results: Conduct symptoms in post test significantly reduced after scores modification (P<0.05). Scores in authoritarian parenting style significantly increased while permissive and authoritative styles reduced in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Training parentings improve relationships between parents and children and in addition it is an effective intervention in the treatment of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents.