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Background and Objective: Multiple Sclerosis is one of the most common and disabling neurological disease. Recent studies reported the possible role of serum uric acid in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. This study was done to examine the role of serum uric acid in patients with multiple sclerosis. Materials and Methods: This case - control study was carried out on 70 multiple sclerosis patients as cases and 70 healthy subjects as controls in teaching hospital in Rafsanjan, Iran during 2010. The two groups were matched in age and gender. The serum uric acid level of subjects in case and control groups was measured by enzymatic colorimetric method. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17 and student t-test. Results: The mean serum uric acid level in cases and controls was 3.871±1.193 mg/dl and 4.171±1.39 mg/dl, respectively, this difference was not significant. Also, there was not significant relationship between serum uric acid level and gender in multiple sclerosis patients. Conclusion: This study indicated that the serum uric acid level is not changed in multiple sclerosis patients compared to controls.

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Background and Objective: Iron oxide nanoparticles, including nanoparticles is important in industry and medicine. Nanoparticles affect on detoxification of environmental pollutants such as Pesticides and chlorinated organic solvents.This study was done to evaluate the short term effect of Fe2NiO4 composite nanoparticle on kidney function indeces in wistar rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, Twenty four Wistar rat were randomly allocated into three groups, including: control, treated groups 1 and 2. Animales in control, treated groups 1 and 2 were received 0.5cc of saline, 0.5cc of solution containing 100, 200 ppm Fe2NiO4 for 7 days, respectively. Uric acid, ceratinine and urea (BUN) were measured at day 2, 7 and 14.

Results: BUN level in treated groups 1 and 2 significantly reduced in comparison with control group at day 7, 14 after intervention (P<0.05). Uric acid level in treated groups 1 and 2 significantly increased at day 7 and 14. 2 week after intervention, the mean creatinine levels in treated group 2 group significantly reduced in compare  to the in treated group 1 and controls (P<0.05).

Conclusion: It seems that the application of Fe2NiO4 nanoparticles in biological system has no toxic effect on the kidney function indeces.

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Background and Objective: The unique properties of carbon nanotubes have been used for medical, biological and industrial applications, but it simultaneously exposure to humans and organisms poses a potential for toxic effects on human health and the environment. This study was done to evaluate the effect of multi-wall carbon nanotubes toxicity on kidney function and tissue in rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 50 mature female Wistar rats were allocated into five groups including: control and experimental groups with dosage of 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg/bw, respectively. Animals in control group were received physiological saline and Tween.Animals in treatment groups were received 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg/bw of multi-wall carbon nanotubes functionalized with carboxylic group with diameter less than 8 nm and length 30 micrometers in 8 steps in one day intraperitoneally. Blood samples were conducted in two phases: one day after the last injection and 20 days after the last injection. Urea, uric acid, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels were measured in blood serum. Tissue samples were provided by preparing histological sections of kidney in each group and stain with hematoxylin-eosin. The tissue structure of the kidney was examined by optical microscopy.
Results: In the first stage (one day after the last injection), only the amount of uric acid at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg significantly reduced in comparison with controls and other treated groups, respectively (P<0.05). There were no significant changes in the level of other biochemical factors in compared to the control. However, 20 days after the last injection, significant reduction in the level of uric acid and urea was observed in 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg/bw of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in compared to the control group, although significant reduction in creatinine was seen in dosages of 5 and 10 mg/kg/bw of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in compared to controls (P<0.05). Histological studies showed altrations in trated groups including  accumulation of hyaline-like substances derived from the activity of eosinophils and accumulation of inflammatory cells (basophils and neutrophils) in the cortical and medula of the kidney, glomerular degeneration, Bowman capsule dilatation and degeneration of  proximal tube wall in the renal cortex which  these alterations  were dose-dependent.
Conclusion: Multi-wall carbon nanotubes functionalized with carboxyl groups even in low dosage (2.5 mg/kg) and after 20 days of injection cause toxicity in tissue structure and kidney function.