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Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerol is a glycolipid and contain a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid substituents and form hexagonal structure when dispersed in excess water. Catalytic hydrogenation of this Lipid in the presence of catalyst completely saturates the hydrocarbon chains and the Lipid forms typical open sheet bilayer structure in water at 20?C. Binary mintures of native and hydrogenated Lipid tend to phase-separated at 20?C, our results which was obtained by electron microscope reveals lamellar phase Lipid indispersed with regions of hexagonal structure and the proportion of each reflect the composition of mixture. Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerol is one of those Lipids, which present in high amount in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast. This membrane and others they go through this kind transformation in their Lipid structure to enable the biochemical physiological functions of the cells.

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It is reported that the rate of congenital malformations is about 2-3% at birth. They are one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and disability in childhood are later in adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of gross congenital malformations that were preset at birth. The other factors studied were anatomic locations of anomalies, neonatal sex, race, maternal age and race. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study, and the sample population was 10000 births. The rate of congenital malformations was 10.1/1000 in our sample 11.8/1000 in male and 7.5/1000 in female neonates. The rate of malformations in musculoskeletal system were 3.8 In CNS 2.8 and in urogenital system 2.5 per 1000 births. It was concluded that the most frequent malformations in CNS, musculoskeletal and urogenital system were cystic spina bifida, clubfoot and hypospadias respectively. The rate of malformations newborns were 14.5 per 1000, 8.5 per 1000 and 17 per 1000 birth in Turkman, native Fars and Sistan racial groups respectively. The results from this investigation showed that there were relations between rate of over malformations, races and sexes of individuals.

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Background and objective: To determine the effects of duration of second stage of labor on the newborn’s Apgar score in primigravida women admitted in Fatemeh Zahra Hospital. Materials and methods: Case control study on the 120 primigravide women (40 women with a duration second stage more than 2 hours and 80 women with a duration second stage less than 2 hours). The criteria such as pregnancy history, quality of prenatal care and socioeconomical status were the same for the both groups. Patients with preterm labor, cesarean section, multiple pregnancy, malpresentation, malformation and receipt sedation of narcotic less than one hours to baby’s birth were excluded. From this study statistically analysis had done by Chi-square and Z-test and person’s coefficient correlation. Results: Statistically significant relationship was observed between the age of the mothers and the duration second stage of labor, so that, the mothers with more than 30 years of age had prolonged duration in second stage of labor (P<0.05). More than half of the sample population had used oxytocin for augmentation of labor, which this difference was significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The different studies showed that the duration of second stage of labor was significantly associated with fetal lactate and low Apgar score less than 7 at birth, but didn’t have any role in five-minute low Apgar scores and neonate morbidity.

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Background & Objective: Neonatal growth indices can be influenced by either wanted, or unwanted pregnancy. This research was done to compare neonatal growth indices (Height, weight, head circumflex) to in such pregnancies in Birjand (South-east of Iran). Materials & Methods: This study case-control study was done on a total of 400 women and their neonates in the Imam Reza and Mehr maternity hospital in Birjand between 2000 to 2002. The number of case (UWP) and control (WP) were 150 and 250 respectively. Data were collected through a valid and reliable questionnaire by face to face interviewing with mothers and the determination of growth indexes of the neonates. The results were analyzed employing X² and student T-test by means of SPSS software. Results: The results revealed that the mean weight of the neonates in the case group (3151±410.4 grams) was meaningfully (P?0.05) less than the mean weight (3243±484 grams) of the neonates in the control group (WP). Besides, the mean weight gaining of mothers during their pregnancy in the cases (9±3.2 kg) was meaningfully (P<0.05) less than control group (9.7±3.4 kg). Conclusion: The results of this study, shows the impact of wanted pregnancy on weight gain and health improvement of mothers and their infants. It is therefore recommend that the health centers, mass and even high schools officials provide enough training to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

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Background & Objective: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is one of the important causes of newborn mortality. The aim of this study is to determine the pregnancy outcome and Corticosteroid effects for prevention prophylaxis in pregnant women with premature labor between 34-37 weeks gestational age. Materials & Methods: This semi experimental single blind clinical trial study was performed on hundred 34-37 weeks pregnant women who were referred with labor pain or rupture of membrane. These women divided in 2 almost similar case and control groups. The control group received 5 mg Dexamethasone 6 hours to delivery time (Maximum 4 doses). Data was entered to SPSS and analyzed by Chi-square and T-test. Results: There wasn’t any significant difference between administration of Dexamethasone and incidence of RDS in 34-37 weeks newborn (P=0.6). The frequency of RDS was similar in 2 groups (In all women: 4%) the mean weight of newborns with RDS diagnosis was 2675±263. 76% of women had vaginal delivery. The mean weight of newborn was 2672 gr and mean gestational age was 35.4 weeks. Conclusion: The frequency of RDS in newborn with 34-37 weeks gestational age was 4% and administration of one or more Dexamethasone had no effect on reduction it.

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A 13 years old female caucasition admitted in 5 Azar General Hospital with a 3-day history of deteriorating vision. 2 weeks prior to admission she had received a Measles-Rubella vaccination at school (As a mass compain of MR vaccination in Iran). General & neurological examination except lung wheezing & ocular findings were normal. In visual exam she had questionable light perception in right eye & hand motion sensation in left eye. Funduscopy revealed moderate bilateral optic disc hyperemia. Investigations revealed normal full cell blood count, biochemistry profile, clotting studies & sputum. Brain CT scan & MRI were normal except pansinusitis. CSF examination revealed normal constituents. The patient treated with Methyl Prednisolone (1 gr/daily) for 7 days and patient had dramatic response to therapy. After 6 weeks of starting medical treatment ophthalmologic exam revealed 2 meters finger count vision in right eye & 6/10 visual aquity in Left side. This patient is a rare case of bilateral optic neuritis after MR vaccination.

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Background&Objective: This study is designed to deteremine the sex differences in volume and surface anatomical parameters in the cingulate cortex of the left cerebral hemispheres in healthy right - handed subjects. Materials&Methods: This cross - sectional descriptive study was performed on 72 human brains (38 males, 34 females). The brains belonged to right - handed subjects who had died of non - neurologic causes. The age of males and females was similar. The brains were removed from the cranium no longer than 24 hours postmortem and were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution. The right hemisphere of each brain was used for neuropathologic examinations (to confirm the health of the brain) and the left one was used for stereologic analyses. The estimation of the volume, surface areas, and thickness of the cingulate cortex was performed on photographs of 5 mm serial coronal sections of the left hemispheres using unbiased stereological methods (with point and linear grids). The results were analyzed by t- student test. Results: The volumes of the left cingulate cortex in males and females were 10.923.06 and 10.52.30cm3, respectively. The outer surface area was 43.8710.73 cm2 in males and 43.748.68cm2 in females. The inner surface areas in males and females were 34.8711.56 and 36.558.08cm2, respectively. There was no significant difference between two sexes in the volume and surface areas of the left cingulate cortex. The mean thickness of the left cingulate cortex in males and females were 2.880.5 and 2.510.3mm, respectively. The mean thickness of the left cingulate cortex in females was 12.85% smaller than males (P<0.05). Conclusion: Although the volume and outer and inner surface areas of the left cingulated cortex are similar between two sexes, the cortical thickness of this area in healthy right - handed females is significanlty smaller than males. The functional significance of these sexual differences and similarities in human brain is not clear. However, scientists must be aware of them in their morphometrical studies on human brain.

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Background&Objective: Consultation prior to blood donation and screening tests of common blood born diseases such as Hepatitis B,C and AIDS are very important issue in blood quality assurance, therefore we decided to compare frequency of such diseases in blood donors and outpatients admitted in the blood transfusion centers. Materials&Methods: For this purpose the initial tests including HBsAg, HCVAb, and HIVAb were performed on all blood donors and outpatients' blood samples in Gorgan transfusion center by ELIZA methods during 2003 and confirmatory tests including neutralization for HBsAg, RIBA for HCVAb and Western blot for HIVAb performed in condition where ELIZA report was positive. Results: The blood donor in this study had the following positive results: HbsAg 2.5%, HCVAb 3%, HIV 0.35%. The same indeces for the out patients were positive as follow: 13%, 8.3% and 2.04% respectively. The other finding from this investigation indicate that the blood donors positive cases with the ELISA technique were confirmed by Western blot 92%, 20.1% nad 0% for HBSAg, HCVAb, as HIV respectively. The confimatory results of the positive out patient's cases were as follow, 97%, 47% and 60% for HBSAg, HCVAb and HIV respectivley. Conclusion: This study reveals frequency of Hepatitis B and C and AIDS among outpatients which considered being high risk group are more than the blood donors. We conclude that the measurement of HBSAg by ELIAZ methodes in comparision to the HCV and HIV are more accurate.

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Background&Objective: Postnatal depression is a key concept for mother-infant mental health. Identifying risk factors of postnatal depression and developing screening system are needed. The propose of this study was to determine Psychological and obstetric risk factors for postnatal depression Materials&Methods: 288 consecutive admitted women at 6-8 weeks after childbirth on maternity ward in Ghaem hospital, Mashad, Iran were assessed by two psychiatrics. Interview data included presence obstetric history, economic and demographic characteristics, Personality, psychiatric history and life-events information that were obtained from a questionnaire, psychological status was assessed by using the GHQ. The prevalence of distress was ascertained by the 28-item Goldberg Health Questionnaire (GHQ), using a cut-off score of > 24. Results: 57.6% of mothers had GHQ-above 24scores which categorized them as having significant emotional distress several psychological and obstetric risk factors for the development of predisposing psychological distress at 8 weeks postpartum were reported including: Economical situation, marital relationships, and the gender of the infant, multiparous women, caesarean section deliveries, and unplanned pregnancy Conclusion: The results emphasize the importance of cumulative psychosocial and obstetric risk factors for postnatal depression. Early identification of potential risk for postnatal depression should include assessment of sociodemography, personality, psychiatric history and recent life events, as well as past and present obstetric factors.

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Background & Objective: Examinations are among the most important stressors in schools and universities that result to psycho physiological outcomes but these effects on children has not been paid much attention. This study was done to determine the effect of stress of final examinations on the activation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (change of salivary cortisol) and autonomous nervous system (pulse rate) in children. Materials & Methods: A total of 100 children (50 boys, 50 girls) in 5th grade aged less than 12 years from two primary schools of five educational district in Tehran were chosen randomly. The subjects completed Adolescent’s Eysenck personality inventory. Physical and mental health was reviewed the medical history, clinical examinations and after controlling sleep, food, drug and sport variables, salivary samples and pulse rates were taken five times as follows: once a week before and then three times through mathematics, history and science exams and once a week after passing the exams at 9 to 10 am .Salivary cortisol samples were analysed by ELISA method. Results: Cortisol levels increased significantly during examinations in compare with cortisol levels before and after examinations. Depending to sex, psychoticism, neuroticism and extroversion –introversion variables, only the effect of psychoticism and extroversion –introversion are statistically significant (P<0.05). Also repeated analysis of variance for pulse rate indicated the increase rate of later factor (P<0.05). Conclusion: Final examinations as a stressor resource increase salivary cortisol and pulse rates of children. Personality factors can modulate the effect of examinations on salivary cortisol. Sex also modulates pulse rates increasing during academic examinations.

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Background & Objective: Anovulation is one of the most common causes of infertility and the increasing use of induction ovulation agents for treatment of these patients has been increased. This study was done to evaluate of neonatal outcome in pregnancies after ovarian stimulation in comparisons with spontaneous pregnancy.

 

Materials & Methods: In this descriptive analytic study, 398 pregnant women admitted to teaching Hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences from Nov 2004-Apr 2005 were assessed for neonatal outcomes. We compared the rate of multiple pregnancy, gestational age, birth weight, agars score of first and fifth minutes, apparent congenital anomalies, neonatal early death and the days of neonatal hospitalization at NICU in two groups of induction ovulation and spontaneous pregnancy. The data were analyzed by c2 and t student test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

 

Results: From 398 pregnant women, 95 patients were pregnant after ovulation induction and 303 patients had spontaneous pregnancy. There was significant differences between two groups including: Multiple pregnancy, first minutes and fifth-minutes. Apgar scores, head circumference and admission in NICU (P<0.05). There was also effective dependence between induction ovulation and multiple pregnancy on premature delivery. The early neonatal death and apparent congenital anomalies had no significant differences between two groups.

 

Conclusion: We concluded that neonatal outcome of ouvlatory induced pregnancies is more unfavorable which probably is due to the multiple pregnancy premature delivery and maternal infertility background.

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Background & Objective: Standard treatment in renal colic is established with narcotics. NSAIDS are alternative choices. Several studies are done on various treatments. This study was done to evaluate the effect of intranasal Desmopressin alone and in combination with parenteral Pethidine in relief of renal colic pain. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial study, 150 patients with renal colic were recruited in: Group one received 40 micrograms intranasal desmopressin, group two 25 miligrams intravenous pethidine and in group 3 both drugs were administered. VAS method was used to measure the intensity of pain in first minute and at 10, 20 and 30 minutes after administration. Kruskal-Walis and ANOVA were used to compare the pain severity between groups. Results: Pain intensity had significant decrease after 10, 20 and 30 minutes in all groups (P<0.05). Group 3 showed maximum decrease after 30 minutes. Conclusion: This study determined that combined administration of desmopressin and pethidine can significantly decrease in renal colic intensity. We suggest the use of desmopressin, in combination with other medicines as a supportive and effective treatment in renal colic patients.

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Background & Objective: Vaccination is one of the most effective ways in preventing the hepatitis B viruse. This study was done to evaluate the response rate to hepatitis B vaccine in under one-year children in Gorgan, Iran. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 215, children of 7-12 month of age (55.3% male, 44.7% female), in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2006. These subjects already had received the three-time vaccination against hepatitis B. Anti-HBs, Anti-HBc and HBsAg level of these children serum were determined, using ELISA technique. Results: In 30 (14%) subject's serum, there was not detected any antibodies against the viruses. Out of 185 children positive for HBS, 4 cases belong to HBC viruses. As a whole, 86% of the samples, had more than ten international unit of HBS. The meanSD of the titred antibodies in male and female were 158.8412 and 187.5513.83 respectively. The response not to three-times vaccination in male and female were 84% and 89.9% respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that in spit of vaccination, there are cases with virus-contamination. The reasons for absence of any response to the vaccination in some of this children can be due to deficiency in the immune system, improper genetic background which can not be stimulated by that vaccination, inadequate proper conditions for the preservation of vaccine, and the type vaccine used. Also the procedure of vaccine inoculation, the vaccine preservation condition and transportation should be taken into considertion.

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Background and Objective: Retinopathy of permaturity (ROP), a lesion in the retina of premature infants with low birth weights, can result in blindness and it is a major cause of blindness in children of developing countries. We were ought to determine prevalence and intensity of retinopathy of permaturity and investigate some related risk factors in NICU of Taleghani hospital.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, from march 2004 to December 2005, the result of clinical examinations and laboratory of 89 premature infants with gestational ages of less than 34week old were recorded in a questionair form. These infants, were examined by a retinologist, at the time of discharge and if necessary every 4 weeks, until retinal vascularization completed. The results of examination were recorded.

Results: Retinopathy of permaturity was detected in 5 neonates all of them in stage 1 and the most percent of prevalence in neonates with birthweights between 1001 to 1250 grams and gestational ages less than 29-week old. All cases were oxygenated and prevalence was more in the group who got oxygen via CPAP.

Conclusion: Based upon this study, the most important risk factors for retinopathy of permaturity were lower birthweight and less gestational age. Moreover, it was one more time emphasized on the effect of oxygenation in developing retinopathy of permaturity.

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Background and Objective: Jaundice is a common problem among neonate undiagnosed case finally lead to kern-icterus, with significant increasing rate of subsequent morbidity. This study was done to determine the etiology of of severe indirect hyperbilirubnemia in term neonates. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was performed in Taleghany hospital of Gorgan on neonates admitted due to severe hyperbilirubinemia from Sep 2004-Sep 2005. Severe hyperbilirubinemia was considered as bilirubin≥18 mg/dl in term neonates weighing more than 2500g. Bilirubin (total, direct), blood culture, retic count, coombs test, level of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme, complete blood cell count, mother's and neonate's blood group, urine culture and C-reactive protein tests were measured. Results: 766 term neonates (>2500g) were hospitalized due to hyperbilirubinemia. Severe hyperbilirubinemia was detected in 12% of cases (54 boys, 38 girls). The etiology of 41 cases were unknown, 25 cases were diagnosed as sepsis, 15 neonates were glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficient, 7 cases had UTI, 3 neonates had ABO incompatibility and one neonate was due to breast feeding. Conclusion: This study indicated that the most common etiology of severe hyperbilirubinemia in this region is unknown. Sepsis, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency, UTI, ABO incompatibility and breast feeding were among other reasons for severe indirect hyperbilirubinemia.

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Buschke–Lowenstein Tumor (BLT) or Giant Condyloma Acuminatum (GCA) is a slow-growing, locally aggressive, cauliflower-like tumor of great size that usually arises in the perineal region. Buschke–Lowenstein Tumor is triggered by human papilloma virus (HPV), usually either genotype 6 or 11. Buschke–Lowenstein Tumor is usually preceded by condyloma acuminatum and occurs at any age after puberty, usually between the 4th and 6th decades. Invasive overgrowth and recurrence after treatment are its characteristics and malignant transformation is also possible. Here, we have reported a case of a 33 year-old man with penile Buschke–Lowenstein Tumor arising from common genital warts.

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Background and Objective: Anesthetic agents effect on pregnancy in operating room personnel is a challenge in anesthesiology. This study was carried out to determined pregnancy complications among hospital operating room personals in Fars province – Iran.

Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 122 women working in operating rooms of governmental Fars province hospitals during their pregnancies with different jobs considered as case group. 122 women working in internal and pediatric wards considered as control group. The history of pregnancy complications including infertility, abortion, preterm labor, fetal death, neonatal death and low birth weight obtained using questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 software and Chi-Square test.

Results: The incidence of abortion was 19.8% and 16% in case and control group respectively, this difference was not statistically significant. Infertility was significantly higher (8.2% versus 2.5%) in case group than control group (P<0.05). No significant differences in incidence of preterm labor, fetal death, neonatal death and low birth weight were seen between two groups.

Conclusion: This study showed that the incidence of pregnancy complications is similar between women working in operating room and those working in other hospital wards but the prevalence of infertility is higher in operating room personnel than those of other wards.

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Background and Objective: Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis is affected by combination quality and interaction of Parasite-Vector-Host and environmental conditions. So, disease cycle related and eco-social factors and environmental risk factors co-analyzing, help to understanding these interactions, prognosis and orientation in disease control and treatment. This study was done to determine the role of nomadic and non-nomadic lifestyle in transmission of Kala-Azar in the Northwest of Iran.

Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, firstly the prevalence of Kala-Azar among people living in selected villages were determined by both serological test (Direct Agglutination Test: DAT) and immunological test (Montenegro Skin Test: MST) in the Northwest of Iran, on the way of Shahsavan tribe travelling in summer/winter quarters villages. Then DAT was conducted on the dogs presenting in those villages during 2006. One year later Seroconversion rate was calculated through collection of the individual’s negative sera and re-analyzing them via DAT. Finally, occurrence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in relation with various involving factors like dog density/abundance and nomadic and non-nomadic lifestyle using Chi-Square test were determined.

Results: Both MST and DAT were significantly higher in the nomadic lifestyle than in the non-nomadic lifestyle (P<0.05). Three values of prevalence (5.5%), seropositivity (2.7%) and seroconversion (2.5%) were higher in nomads than non-nomads. The GIS studies and electronically prepared maps showed that the endemicity and the infection rate are higher in nomads than non-nomads. There were a negative correlation between general distribution of Visceral Leishmaniasis in relation with environmental conditions altitude, mean temperature and rainfall.

Conclusion: This study indicated that Nomadic lifestyle can play as a risk factor in transmission of Visceral Leishmaniasis due to nomads/dog contacting, their entering in the wild cycle of disease and travelling.

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Background and Objective: Over half of medical researches in Iran are done by students of different levels as their thesis. In medical school, thesis is a 6 hours mandatory course. This study caried out to determine the publication of thesis in faculty of medical in Gorgan, located in North of Iran.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on all thesis and all faculty members who have been advisor of at least one thesis up to the time of this study. To collect data, we used a questionnaire which contained questions about the research, their output and any obstacles to publication. All data have been analyzed by SPSS-13 software and Chi-Square test.

Results: According to the collected information, 322 thesis were directed by 43 faculty academic members of Gorgan Medical School. 87.6% and 12.4% thesis supervisors were clinical and basic science academic members respectively. The majority of 127 (39.4%) published papers have either been published by domestic medical journals or represented in medical seminars inside the country. Basic members have published 70% of their papers while only 35.1% of clinical faculty members have published their research findings. Experimental papers have been published more than other papers (48.5%). The most important publication barrier were lack of time and collaborator in this matter.

Conclusion: This study showed that publication rate of medical student thesis is far from ideal.

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Background and Objective: Legg-Calve-Perthes disease is one of the most common disabling diseases of childhood and if not managed appropriately is truly disabling. Severity of disease and duration of disease onset are main determinants of choosing treatment strategy of either conservative management or surgical treatment. This study was designed to determine Legg-Calve-Perthes treatments and relation between type of treatment and duration of the disease.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carreid out on 50 patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease admitted in Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad, North East of Iran from 1995-2005.

Results: According to age of patients and severity of disease, the subjects allocated to conservatine (11 patients) and surgical treatment (39 patients). Clinical improvment signs include pain reduction, range of joints motion, which were avaluate by physical examination and taking medical history of patients. In conservative group, only 4 patients assumed to be successfully treated with mean age of 7.25 years and the mean interval between disease onset and beginning of treatment was 2.25 months. Surgical group had mean age of 10.85 years and mean interval between onset of disease and initiation of treatment was 18 months. Conservative group showed less sever form of disease (lateral pillar group A and group B with age less than 8 years), but patients treated surgically were more severely involved (lateral pillar group B with age more than 8 years and group C).

Conclusion: This study showed that age and severity of disease (lateral pillar classification) are main elements in treatment strategy (choosing conservative VS surgical treatment). The interval between onset of disease and onset of treatment strongly affects treatment success.