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Background and Objective: Ageing is a bio-cognitive which can be described as a progressive and degenerating process in human. One of the major changes in the elderly is loss of teeth, which can affect on dietary intake and nutritional status. This study was designed to assess the dental health in elderly people in Gorgan, North of Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 subjects (211 female and 189 male) aged 60 years and above in two selected health centers in Gorgan-Iran. Data were collected by questionnaire and oral and dental examination. Data was analyzed by using SPSS-13 software and chi-square test. Results: The mean age of the subjects were 66.7+-6.7 Sixty percent of the participants were without natural teeth and forty percent had natural teeth. only 10.5 percent of subjects had complete natural teeth. 19.7 participants had decayed teeth. The mean of decayed teeth was 9.2 (rang 1-28) and filled teeth was 4.8 (rang 1-16) in 12.5 percent of participants. Age, level of education and level of income were significantly associated with the number of existed teeth (P<0.05). Conclusion: In regard to high prevalence of without natural and decay teeth in the elderly population, this study, it is recommended the serial assessment of dental health to be screened on routine bases.

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Background and Objective: Regarding to probable high frequency of Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in Iran, screening of all neonates by cord blood is under consideration. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in newborns and the relation between gender, jaundice, hemolysis, anemia and the G6PD deficiency in neonated born in in Tehran, Iran.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, cord blood of 450 neonates born in Akbarabady hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2008-09 were screened. Demographic information was recorded by questionnaires and the newborns were examined for detection of jaundice till discharge. G6PD level was determined by Fluorescent Spot Test (FST). G6PD deficient neonate were put under close observation for detection of jaundice. Enzyme activity was rechecked by spectrophotometry.

Results: Nine neonates out of 450 were G6PD deficient (8 boys and one girl). Prevalence of G6PD deficiency was 2% (3.3% for boys and 0.5% for girls). Six neonates of nine G6PD deficient neonates (66%) developed pathologic jaundice. Four neonates were managed by phototherapy and two by exchange transfusion.

Conclusion: This study showed that G6PD deficiency is more prevalate among male neonates, therefore, G6PD determination is recommended to prevent the possible neonatal jaundice.

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Background and Objective: Musculoskeletal injuries are the common causes of disabilities among young patients. This study was done to establish the causes and clinical evidences of bone and joint injuries among young patients in Gorgan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 600 subjects with musculoskeletal injuries reffered to 5 Azar teaching hospital in Gorgan, north of Iran during 2009. Age, sex, type of initial treatment, location of injury and medical treatment for subjects were completed. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, Chi-Square and student t-tests. Results: The mean age of subjects was 25±7 years. 83% of subjects were male. In 37% of injured people, time of accident was between 12 to 18 o’clock. The most common causes were car accident (49.7%), workplace injury (15.3%), falling down (10.3%), respectively. Street (38.3%) and road (18.7%) were the location with high accident. Fractures (71.7%), soft tissue injuries (48.3%) and dislocation (8.7%) were the most common injuries. Upper and lower limb were the most common in injury and fractur, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that young men are more prone to accident and occupation injuries.

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Background and Objective: Multiple Sclerosis is one of the most common and disabling neurological disease. Recent studies reported the possible role of serum uric acid in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. This study was done to examine the role of serum uric acid in patients with multiple sclerosis. Materials and Methods: This case - control study was carried out on 70 multiple sclerosis patients as cases and 70 healthy subjects as controls in teaching hospital in Rafsanjan, Iran during 2010. The two groups were matched in age and gender. The serum uric acid level of subjects in case and control groups was measured by enzymatic colorimetric method. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17 and student t-test. Results: The mean serum uric acid level in cases and controls was 3.871±1.193 mg/dl and 4.171±1.39 mg/dl, respectively, this difference was not significant. Also, there was not significant relationship between serum uric acid level and gender in multiple sclerosis patients. Conclusion: This study indicated that the serum uric acid level is not changed in multiple sclerosis patients compared to controls.

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Background and Objective: Trauma is the most common cause of death in all individuals between 1 and 44 years and the third most common cause of death regardless of age. The abdomen is the third most commonly injured region of the body. Some intra abdominal organ injured more than others, related to mechanism of injury, size and location of organ in abdominal cavity. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of intra abdominal injuries due to penetrating trauma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was done on 114 patients admitted to 5 Azar hospital in Gorgan, Iran due to penetrating abdominal trauma during 2002-07. Gender, age, type of injury causes of trauma and hospitlalization period were obtained form patients files. Results: 92.1% of patients were male. The mean age of subjects was 24.8 years (9-70 years) with highest frequency between 20-24 years. Two (1.8%) deaths directly related to abdominal stab wounds related to hemorrhagic shock. The most common cause of penetrating abdominal injury was knife wound (78.9%). The mean time spent in hospital was 4.6±2.8 days. In 53 patients, cause of trauma were either related to pentration into peritoneum or passing through in. Small intestine injuries (14 %), rupture of diaphragm and concurrent lung injuries (7%) were the common damage organs. Conclusion: This study showed that the knife was the main cause of abdominal penetrate trauma and peritoneum was the most common damage tissue.

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Background and Objective: The child mortality is a index of development and plays an important role in determination of population growth. This study was done to determine the effect of sociol-economical conditions on mortality rate of under 5 years children, Khuzestan- Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on 372 women aged. 20-48 years with at least one child under 5 years whome were admitted to the health centers in urban and rural area of gotvand town in Khuzestan province, Iran during 2004. Individuals questionnaires included variables such as mortality, demographic, economic and social index were completed for each subject. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17, ANOVA, Chi-Square and Pearson’s correlation coefficient tests. Results: Providing maternal health care during pregnancy and up-grading occupational status of parents significantly reduced child mortality rate (P<0.05). Child mortality rate increased in mothers of <18 and >35 years (P<0.05) and parents desire to have male infant (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that up-grading occupational status of parents, maternal health care and maternal age and desire to have male infant play important role on the child mortality rate in Khuzestan province in south west of Iran.

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Background and Objective: Due to the increase of incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Iran, This study was conducted to determine the epidemiological pattern of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on medical record of 3313 tuberculosis patients in Mazandaran province, northern Iran during 2001-11. Age, gender, affected year, area and affected organ were gathered for each patient. Results: 843 (25.4%) of subjects were diagnosed with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis increased by 4% for every unit increase in incidence year (P<0.05). The mean age of patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis was significantly less than patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (42.8±20.6 years vs. 48.7±21.2, P<0.05). Extrapulmonary tuberculosis was significantly higher in women (P<0.05). The chance of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in women was 1.7 times of men. Lymph node (33%) was the most common affected organ followed by pleura (18.9%) and bone (17.7%). Conclusion: The trend of incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis was ascending during 2001 to 2011. The most affected organ in extra pulmonary tuberculosis was lymph nodes.

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Background and Objective: The human anthropometric characteristics are surveyed in anthropology. Anthropology is used in archeology, physiotherapy, rehabilitation and legal medicine. This study was carried out to evaluate the anthropometric characteristics of upper limb in Iranian and Pakistani subjects. Method: This descriptive - analytic study was performed on 300 resident’s adult subjects (180 males and 120 females) in Qazvin, Iran and 356 residents (181 males and 175 females) in Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan. Anthropometric characteristics of upper limb were measured in an anatomical position. Results: The mean±SD of arm length was 36.8±2.37 CM and 28.1±2.44 CM, in Pakistani and Iranian males, respectively, this difference was significant (P<0.05). The Mean of forearm length, hand length and hand width in Iranian men and women were non-significantly more than Pakistani subjects. Conclusion: Anthropometric characteristics of upper limb of Iranian are higher than Pakistani subjects, but this difference only in arm length of men was significant.

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Background and Objective: The size of the human body is studied in anthropometry. In the one field of anthropometry, the relation of skull and brain size with body weight and height in human are studied. This study was done to determine the relation between cranial capacity and brain weight with body weight and height in 18-26 years old Iranian students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 286 students (150 females and 136 males) in Arak, Iran. Cranial capacity, brain weight, body weight and height, cerebral index and the ratio of brain to body (cerebral quotient) in 18-26 years old students were measeared. Results: The mean of cranial capacity in males and females were 1393.71 and 1168.71 mm3, respectively (P<0.05). The mean of brain weight in males and females were 1445.19 and 1209.61 gram, respectively (P<0.05). The mean of cerebral index in males and females were 1.99 and 2.2, respectively (P<0.05). Positive statistical correlation was seen between cranial capacity with body weight, height and BMI in both gender. Conclusion: Cranianl capacity and brain weight in males was more than females while cerebral index was more in females.

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Background and Objective: Birth defects are important causes of childhood morbidity and disability. This study was done to determine the incidence and pattern of birth defects in live birth in cities of Golestan province, north of Iran. Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 92420 live births in 13 hospitals in Golestan province, northern Iran from 21 January 2008 to 20 March 2011. The newborns were examined for the presence of birth defects. Gender, type of birth defects and residency of parents according to city in Golestan province was recorded for each newborn. Results: The incidence rate of birth defects, in Gorgan, Kordkoy, Aliabad and Gonbad was 20.46, 12.53, 10.86, and 8.99 per 1,000 live births, respectively. The incidence rate of birth defects western area (including Kordkoy, Bandargaz and Kordkoy), center (Gorgan, Capital city) and eastern area (including Aliabad, Gonbad, Minodasht and Kalaleh) of Golestan province) was 9.3, 20.46 and 8.79 per 1,000 live births, respectively. Cardiovascular anomaly was the most frequent birth defects. Conclusion: The incidence rate of birth defects varies in diferent area of Golestan provine and overally was lower than the other region in Iran.

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Background and Objective: Patients with psychological disorders including depression, anxiety and patients with choronic psychological diseases are not suitable for cosmetic rhinoplasty.This study was done to evaluate the mental health status before and after cosmetic rhinoplasty.

Methods: This quasi- experimental study was done on 100 women and men with mean age of 26.85±6.60 which candidated for cosmetic rhinoplasty. Subjects filled out psychological disorder symptom questianare (SCL-90-R) before and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty.

Results: Women had more symptom (P<0.05) of depression (7.24 versus 10.79), somatization (4.64 versus 7.35), obsessive-compulsive (5.67 versus 8.51), interpersonal sensitivity (5.48 versus 7.52), anxiety (5.26 versus 8.07), symptom distress index (0.58 versus 0.79) and totally positive symptoms (32.29 versus 41.06) in comparison with men. The main effect of time factor showed that there was not significant difference between symptoms of psychological disorder before and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty. Interactional effect of gender and time was not significant for each psychological disorder symptom.

Conclusion: The differences of deviation of psychological disorder symptoms, before cosmetic rhinoplasty and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty were not significant. This finding can denotes existence of psychological symptoms before cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery strengthens psychological symptoms in women the assessment and psychological intermediate with the aim of reducing psychological symptoms especially at time range of 3-6 months should be done.

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Background and Objective: The results of surgical treatment, successfulness and methods of evaluation in gender dysphoria are highly variable. This study was done to determine the status of sexual function in patients with impaired gender identity after sexual re-assignment male to female surgery.
Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted on 40 patients referred to surgery clinic in Tehran during 2014-2015. Female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire was used to assess the status of sexual function.
Results: Ninety- five percent of patients had a healthy sexual desire and arousal. Also, 75%, 55.4% and 27.5% of patients had satisfaction, moisture content and good orgasm, respectively. The pain was tolerable in 25% of cases; however, in terms of overall sexual function, only 12.5% of patients had a satisfactory sexual performance. The relationship between education, occupation, residence and previous history of mental illness with sexual function was not significant. Also, 42.9% of patients who had not desirable sexual performance, had a history of drug abuse, and all these subjects reported desirable sexual performance.
Conclusion: Sexual function in cases that have undergone surgery was not suitable. Sexual pain and anorgasmia were important factors in this condition.

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Background and Objective: For many reasons, having children with the desired gender has long been a concern for human societies. Some studies have shown the effect of a maternal diet pregnancy on gender ratios. Considering that during the holy month of Ramadan, women's diet is undergoing a major change, and studies about the association of such diet change, especially the mother's fasting, on the gender of the fetus are rare and the results have contradictory; the present study, was conducted, to investigate the relationship of mother's fasting in the follicular phase of the last menstrual cycle and gender of newborn.
Methods: This descriptive - analytical study was conducted on 139 pregnant women who had started their last menstrual period before their pregnancy during Ramadan and referred to midwifery clinic of Sayyad Shirazi hospital or health centers in Gorgan city for prenatal care in 2016 and 2017. The data collection tool was a checklist containing the demographic characteristics of the pregnant mother, date of the last menstruation, gestational age, number of pregnancy and days of mother fasting.
Results: 86 pregnant women (62 %) were fasting and 53 non-fasting (38%). Frequency of newborn's gender in pregnant women who were fasting was 43 boys and 43 girls and in non-fasting women were 35 and 18, respectively. The frequency of boys in non-fasting mothers was higher than girls but this difference was not significant. In analysis of simultaneous effects of variables on baby's gender, none of the variables were statistically significant with the newborn's gender. Variables such as the number of pregnancies (P=0.051) and maternal fasting (P=0.083) non significantly reduced the ratio of boy born to 30%.
Conclusion: There is no relationship between gender of babies and mother's fasting in the follicular phase of the last menstrual cycle.

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Hermaphrodite patients are individuals who, due to various issues such as chromosomal, gonadal or hormonal disorders that occurred during pregnancy, experience physiological abnormalities in their genital area after birth. As a result, they may have both male and female genitalia or be born ambiguously as a baby boy with female sexual organs, or vice versa. In order to study the challenges presented by this condition in the Islamic Penal Code, sources were collected from Irandak, Normagz, and SID Civilica Jihad academic databases using keywords such as hermaphrodite, neutrality, criminal policy, gender identity disorder, gender ambiguity, recidivism, multicrime, neutral jurisprudential rule, and factors that reduce responsibility due to thematic and conceptual relevance. The time frame considered for the study was from 1980 to 2022, and 57 sources were included. The criteria for inclusion in the study were criminal, jurisprudential, and medical articles related to hermaphroditic and criminal topics relevant to the questions posed in the article. The purpose of this study is to provide a correct explanation of the challenges in the Islamic Penal Code and to answer them. Given the nature of these disorders and the lack of knowledge among affected individuals, families, and society, as well as the exclusion of the conditions of these patients in different laws, this article attempts to explain the place of hermaphrodites in medical science, how this disorder occurs in these individuals, and the introduction of hermaphrodite patients in Islamic jurisprudence. It also discusses where these individuals are placed as human beings in Imamiah jurisprudence. The most important part of this article is devoted to the articles of the Islamic Penal Code regarding the commission of crimes such as hudud, retribution, blood money, and punishment. The most significant challenge in implementing penal law for these patients is the lack of differential criminalization. Specifically, there is a need to develop criminal laws for crimes that these individuals are more likely to commit and determine appropriate punishments, such as obtaining a guarantee of non-custodial executions. In addition, during the investigation phase, there is a lack of an appropriate differential procedure for this category of patients. This requires training for judges and officers, such as police and officers dealing with these patients, as well as adaptation of detention spaces (detention centers and prisons) to prevent victimization or re-offending due to the special mental and physical conditions of these patients. In conclusion, research on hermaphrodite patients is necessary to change attitudes towards them and take practical measures at the social level in legislative, judicial and executive criminal policy. This article uses a descriptive method and library sources to explain and analyze this purpose.