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Background and Objective: Several studies have shown that high level of Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde lead to an increase in the risk of coronary artery diseases. This study was done to evaluate the effect of aerobic training on Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde in inactive elderly women.

Methods: In this quasi -experimental study, 21 inactive elderly women with range of 60-70 year non-randomly divided into experimental (n=11) and control (n=10) groups. The aerobic training including eight weeks aerobic training (with intensity of 50-70 percent of reserve heart rate), 3 times a week, and 60 minutes per session. Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde were measured at baseline and at the end of the study.

Results: After eight weeks of aerobic exercise, Endothelin-1 level reduced in intervention group (35.96%) and control group (41.09%) (P<0.05). After eight weeks of aerobic exercise there was no significat difference between intervention and control groups. After eight weeks of aerobic exercise reduce of Malondialdehyde level in intervention and control groups was not significant difference.

Conclusion: Regarding to reducing the serum level of Endothelin-1 in in the control and experimental groups, the aerobic training with moderate intensity did not lead to reduce in levels of serum Endothelin-1 in elderly women.

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Background and Objective: Homocysteine and atherogenic index are significant and independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. This study was done to determine the effect of 10 weeks endurance swimming training on serum homocysteine level and atherogenic index in rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 20 adult male Wistar rats (180±20 g) were randomly allocated into control (n=10) and experimental (n=10) groups. Animals in experimental group swam ten weeks of endurance training (5 days a week, for 60 minutes a day) with a 5% body weight load attached to the tail. At the end of 10 weeks and after the last of training session and 12 hours of fasting animals were sacrificed. Blood samples were taken and serum homocysteine level, atherogenic index and
NON-HDL-cholesterol were measured.

Results: Serum homocysteine level, atherogenic index and NON-HDL-cholesterol of animals significantly reduced in the experimental group compared to the controls (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Ten weeks of endurance swimming training with low to moderate intensity improves homocysteine level and atherogenic index in animal model.

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Background and Objective: Liver diseases accompanied with growing of obesity in children. This study was done to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise and vitamin C intake on liver transaminases activities in 8-11 years obese girls.

Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 28 obese girls were randomly divided into four equal groups including control, exercise, supplement (500 mg vitamin C tablet, dailly) and combined (500 mg vitamin C, daily plus exercise) groups. Aerobic exercise was consisted of exercise movements at 50% to 70% maximal heart rate and 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected before and 48 hour after the last intervention. Serum transaminases activities were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method.

Results: 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, vitamin C and the combined intervention were associated with a significant reduction in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities (P<0.05) whereas there was no effect on the Alkaline phosphatase activity. All these interventions were associated with significantly greater reduction in the ALT and AST activities ratio in comparision with control group. Combined intervention induced more reduction on percent of variables changes compared with other interventions (P<0.05).

Conclusion: It seems selected aerobic exercise and vitamin C intake may induce their protective effect in obese girls via improvement in liver function.

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Background and Objective: Muscles fatigue around the joint can altere the movment pattern and incrasing the risk of muscle damage. This study was done to determine the effect of hip abductor muscles fatigue on plantar pressure characteristics during stance phase of gait.

Methods:  This quasi-experimental studywas done on 22 males with age ranes of 15-21 years olds. Hip abduction protocol with 50% of one-repetition maximum was used to induce hip abductor muscles fatigue. Average pressure, plantar peak pressure, step duration and the plantar contact area in both feet distribution were collected using before and after the fatigue protocol during gait.

Results: Despite the relative reduction in average pressure, contact area and step duration and plantar increase in peak pressure after abductors fatigue, but these differences were not significant.

Conclusion: This study showed that the hip abductor muscles fatigue can not alter plantar pressure characteristics during stance phase of gait.

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Background and Objective: One of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in modern societies is neck and shoulder pains which often lead to postural disorders and soft tissue shortenings. This study was done to compare the length of shoulder girdle’s muscles in healthy subjects and patients with shoulder and neck pain.

Methods: This case-control study was done on16 patients with chronic neck- shoulder pain as cases and 15 healthy subjects as control group. Length of upper trapezius, pectoralis major and minor muscles was evaluated with functional tests. Also, the range of shoulder abduction and external rotation and cervical flexion and lateral flexion were measured by goniometer.

Results: Significant differences between patient and control groups were found in pectoralis major and minor muscles length in involved side (P<0.05) and also in neck active range of lateral flexion (P<0.05). Furthermore, there were significant differences between shoulder active range of abduction and external rotation (P<0.05) in the groups.

Conclusion: This study confirmed a significant reduction in range of motion in the neck and shoulder and also a remarkably shortening in the muscles of in the involved side.

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Background and Objective: Athletes suffer from poor physical fitness in some sports fields, which can cause long-term pain in their hands. This study was carried out to compare the musculoskeletal abnormalities in professional wushu athletes and wrestlers with non-athletes.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 30 wrestlers, 30 Wushu athletes and 30 non-athlete subjects in Mazandaran province, north of Iran. Kyphosis and lordosis angles evaluation was performed by using flexible ruler. Evaluation of forward head and forward shoulders perform from side view with digital cameras and angles analyzed by AutoCAD 2010 software.
Results: The forward head in wushu athletes and wrestlers was significantly more than non-athletes (P<0.05). Also, forward shoulder in wrestlers and wushu athletes was significantly higher than non-athletes (P<0.05). In addition, kyphosis angle in wushu athletes and wrestlers were significantly higher than non-athletes. Also, Lordosis in wrestlers was higher than non-athletes (P<0.05). Uneven shoulder in wushu athletes was more than non-athletes (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that head, shoulder and spine status can be influenced by type of sport.

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Background and Objective: Stiffness and restricted range of movement (ROM) affect muscle balance and body alignment. The purpose of this research is the study the relationship between Iliopsoas tightness and hip active range of motion, extensor-flexor muscle strength and thoracolumbar curves.
Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 15 adolescent's male soccer players with short length of Iliopsoas muscle as case group and 15 healthy adolescents witch matched based on age, height, weight, BMI, dominant leg and sport experience as control group. The range of motion was measured with universal goniometer, kyphosis and lordosis with flexible ruler and muscle strength with manual dynamometer.
Results: The range of motion of the hip extension and the strength of the Iliopsoas muscle in the case group were statistically lower than the control group (P<0.05). The rate of lumbar lordosis and the ratio of gluteus maximus to the strength of the Iliopsoas muscle in the case group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the range of motion of hip flexion, dyspnea kyphosis, and gluteus maximus muscle strength in the studied groups.
Conclusion: Adolescents with Iliopsoas tightness have limited hip extension and greater lumbar lordosis and weaker Iliopsoas strength in comparison to healthy counterparts.

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Background and Objective: New markers of cardiovascular disease have more sensitivity and accuracy in predicting cardiovascular events. Considering the effective role of physical activity in preventing and reducing cardiovascular disease, which will be of great help in improving the health of people in the community. This study was done to determine the effect of diving in different depths on the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles of diver men.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 6 male diver members of the rescue and rescue team of the Red Crescent Society of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province in Iran. Subjects diverted on the first day at a depth of 1 meter, the second day at a depth of 10 meter, and the third day at a depth of 20 meter for 40 minutes. The subjects were at a depth of 10 and 20 meters at a height of 3 meters to the surface of the water for five-minute steepness. Blood samples were taken before and after diving, and CRP and lipid profiles including triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein were measured.
Results: The increase of environmental stress caused by diving in three depths of 1, 10 and 20 meters of the sea  significantly increased CRP level (P<0.05). No significant changes were observed in the levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein, but high density lipoprotein level was significantly increased (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Scuba diving, due to the transport of respiratory equipment during activity increases
C-reactive protein and lipid profiles.

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Background and Objective: Obesity and overwight affects on respiratory phyological indeces including pulmonary voulume, spirometery function, mechanical function of air ways neuro-muscular functions and capacity of exchange of gases. The obese and overwight subjects have high risk in reduction respiratory valume syndrome. This study was done to compare the effects of three resistance training programs with different intensities on pulmonary function, physical function and body composition in overweight girls.
Methods: In this quasi - experimental study, thirty overweight inactive girls were non-randomly divided into 3 equal groups (n=10) of resistance training with different intensity based on their 1 RM (light, 55-65%, moderate, 65-75%, and heavy, 75-85%, repsctively). The training progams were done for 9 weeks (3 sessions per week). Each session consists of 5 stations with 3 sets while rest intervals between the repetiotions and stations were 60-90 seconds and 90-120 seconds, respectively. Before and after the end of the training programs, spirometry, body composition, muscular strength and endurance of the upper body and VO2max were measured.
Results: 9 weeks resistance training program with 55-65%, 65-75%, and 75-85% 1RM intensities had no significant effect in the spirometry parameters, body weight, body mass index, upper body muscular endurance and VO2max. Fat percentage in 55-65% group significantly reduced in compared to those of 65-75%, and 75-85% 1RM groups (P<0.05). The upper body muscular strength in group with 75-85% 1RM significantly increased in compared to groups with 55-65% and 65-75% 1RM (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Overweight girls can apply resistance training with 55-65% 1RM to reduce the percent of body fat, and enhance the upper body strength through trainings with 75-85% 1RM. In relation to pulmonary function indices and indices of physical function and body composition, there was no dference between three training programs.

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Aging is an inevitable process, which is associated with the development of various diseases such as cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertrophy can occur in both pathological and physiological form. Both types can be divided into a variety of eccentric and concentric types. In the present review, we present the effects of aging and exercise on patological and physioligac cardiac hypertrophy, oxidative stress and some of the mitogen-activated protein kinases with using 79 articles which acceable in pubmed and SID indexing which published during 1976-2016. If the age is associated with inactivity, leads to pathological heart hypertrophy. Meanwhile, the role of the protein family of kinases activated with mitogen and oxidative stress is important. Adolescence, if accompanied by low activity, can lead to increase oxidative stress through mitochondrial dysfunction. Oxidative stress can affect the activity of MAPKs. MAPKs have important role in wide variety of biological events, such as proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, mobility, survival and apoptosis. The tipping point of signal transduction and the regulation of these biological events bigin initially by the four MAPK subunits, including extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1 / 2), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK1, -2.3) kinase P38 (A, B, y, S) and large MAPKs (BMKs or ERK5s). This paper focuses on two types of ERK1 / 2 and P38 that play an important role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. ERK1 / 2 and P38 amounts change with aging. These changes are associated with the development of pathological hypertrophy. Sports activities can control the pathological pathway of hypertrophy and can lead to physiological hypertrophy. Exercise can control or reduce oxidative stress, ERK1 / 2 and P38 and ultimately can affect cardiac hypothyroidism.

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Background and Objective: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of some diseases such as atherosclerosis and doing high intensity training may enhance oxidative stress. This study was done to evaluate the effect of eight weeks resistance training on malondialdehyd, total, antioxidant capacity, liver enzymes and lipid profile in overweight and obese women.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 16 overweight and obese women were non-randomly divided into intervention (n=9) and control (n=7) groups. The resistance training included the resistance training (with intensity of 50-80% one repetition maximum) that lasted for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Every session lasted for 60 minutes. Malondialdehyd, total antioxidant capacity, liver enzymes and lipid profile for each subject was measured.
Results: The eight weeks resistance training significantly increased total antioxidant capacity high density lipoprotein and triglyceride in interventional group in compared to controls (p<0.05). The eight weeks resistance training significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase in comparison with control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Eight weeks resistance training by reducing malondialdehyd and increasing total antioxidant capacity may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis disease and improving cardiovascular health.

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Background and Objective: Angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors in tumor are associated with increased risk of metastasis and reduction of treatment outcomes. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of endurance training on the angiogenic factors (VEGFR-2, VEGF) of tumor in breast cancer bearing mice.
Methods: In this experimental study, 20 BALB/c mice following breast cancer induction were randomly allocated into two groups of experimental (n=10) and control (n=10). Breast cancer tumors were induced by MC4-L2 cell infusion. Animals in the experimental group were received endurance training for 6 weeks, 5 days a week with gradual increase in intensity from 12 to 20 (m.min-1) and duration from 25 to 55 minutes. Tumor volume was measured weekly with digital caliper. Expression of two angiogenic proteins of VEGFR-2 and VEGF were measured by ELISA method.
Results: Endurance training significantly reduced VEGFR-2 protein in training group (1.524±0.324 ng ml^-1) compared to the control group (2.686±0.815 ng ml^-1) (p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference in the VEGF protein in the training group (734.633±110.131 pg ml^-1) compared to the control group (756.317±72.32 pg ml^-1). The tumor volume significantly decreased in the training group compared to the control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Regular endurance training induces anti-angiogenic effects in tumor tissue of breast cancer bearing mice.

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Background and Objective: The synthesis of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in adipose tissue plays an important role in providing resistance and prevention of fat accumulation, weight gain and obesity. This study was done to evaluate the effect of eight weeks aerobic training with moderate and high intensities on serum levels of Irisin and UCP1 white adipose tissue in obese male rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 adult obese male Wistar rats (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI>30g/cm²) were randomly assigned into three groups including moderate aerobic training intensity, high intensity aerobic training and control group. The aerobic exercise training was included 8 weeks (5 sessions/per-week for 60 min per session). All training groups carried out aerobic training with 28 m/min (moderate intensity), aerobic training with 34 m/min (high intensity) on treadmill. 48 hours after the training period, the level of UCP1 and Irisin protein was measured.
Results: The level of UCP-1 in adipose tissue and serum Irisin in both aerobic training intensities increased compared to control group, but this increase only in aerobic training group with a moderate intensity was singnificant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Eight weeks aerobic training with moderate intensity leads to increase of UCP-1 in adipose tissue and Irisin levels.

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Background and Objective: The comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension may exacerbate chronic inflammation and regular exercise training considered as an important therapeutic approach for such patients. This study was done to evaluate the eight weeks effects of regular exercise training on apelin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) plasma levels in hypertensive postmenopausal women with T2DM.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 20 postmenopausal women with hypertension and T2DM. Subjects non-randomlly allocated into intervention and control groups. Training program consisted of 25-40 minutes of aerobic exercise at 50-70 percent of maximal heart rate, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. The plasma level of apelin, TNF-a and glucose was measured, subsequently.
Results: 8 weeks exercise training was significantly reduced apelin, TNF-a, and glucose levels in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise can mediate some of its favorable effects on hypertension pathological conditions associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus by reducing plasma apelin and TNF-a levels.

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Background and Objective: Opium consumption and addiction can negatively affect on pulmonary and physical function. This study was done to determine the effect of the combined training with different intensities on pulmonary and physical function in addicted men.
Methods: This quesi-experimental study was carried out on 30 addicted men with an average age of 37.6±7.1 years, who were under treatment in Sabzevar city rehabilitation center in north-east of Iran during Fall of 2015. The subjects were non-randomly divided into three equal groups including control, the first intervention group, and the second intervention group. The control group did not participate in any training program. The interventional groups participated in an aerobic and resistance training period for six weeks (four times a week). The training intensities of the first and second intervention groups were 50-65% and 65-80% of HRmax or 1RM, respectively. Preior and after the training period, spirometry tests, maximal oxygen uptake, strength and endurance of upper body muscles and special strength of respiratory muscles were measured from all of the subjects.
Results: The both intervention groups improved the peak expiratory flow index compared to control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the peak expiratory flow index significantly increased in the second intervention group compared to the first intervention group. There was no significant difference in the indices of special strength of respiratory muscles, maximal aerobic power, and maximal voluntary ventilation between the three groups .Upper body muscles' endurance and strength, forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity parameters significantly increased in the second intervention group compared to the control group. The forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity ratio index significantly increased in the  two interventional groups compared to control group (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the first and second interventional groups.
Conclusion: The performance of aerobic and resistance trainings  with higher intensity improves indices of the forced vital capacity, the forced expiratory volume in the first second, and upper body muscles' strength and endurance of addicted males.

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Background and Objective: Life style with Low activity and overweight increased the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study was done to evaluate the effect of ginger supplementation on Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) changes and delayed muscle soreness following exhaustive eccentric exercise on overweight girls.
Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 22 overweight girls were randomly divided into the two groups including intervention (n=12) and control (n=10) groups. For subjects in interventional group were used a daily supplement of 2 grams of ginger powder, each serving a capsule, containing one gram of ginger powder  and subjects in control group were received  daily two capsules containing starch, for two weeks. Physical activity was performed consisting of two sessions of exhausting activity (negative tilt on treadmill, one session before supplementation and one session after two weeks of supplementation). Blood samples were measured in order to measure changes in LDH in four stages and the use of the pain questionnaire for evaluation of delayed muscular brittleness in both pre and post gingival supplementation. Pain scale (visual analogue scale: VAS) was used to measure the delay fatigue.
Results: The results showed that extrinsic exercise increased LDH and delayed muscle soreness after exercise (P<0.05). Also, taking two weeks of ginger supplementation significantly reduced LDH and delayed muscle soreness in the supplement group in comparison with controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Ginger can reduces the muscle gain and delayed onset muscle soreness resulting from eccentric exercise in overweight girls.

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Background and Objective: Creatine is one of the most important and commonly used supplements athletes, although the molecular mechanisms of creatine and its side effects are less understood. The high level of the ceratin kinase enzyme and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes are considered to be a sign of cell damage. This study was done to determine the effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes following a severe muscle contraction in female athletes.
Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial study, 30 female athletes were randomly divided into intervention (creatine supplementation 0.3 grams per body weight for 4 times duing 7 days and control (placebo, starch powder) groups. Blood sample was collected before supplementation (pre-test) and 24 hours after Cunningham exercise test (post-test) to measuring CK and LDH in each subject.
Results: After intervention, the level of CK (323±63 IU/L) and LDH (119±13 IU/L) in intervention group had no significant difference in compared to control group (CK: 328±44 IU/L and LDH: 122±14 IU/L).
Conclusion: The usage of a 7-day course of creatine supplement did not significantly change the CK and LDH levels following a severe muscle contraction in female athletes.

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Background and Objective: Aging reduces cardiac autonomic function parameters such as heart rate response to exercise and heart rate recovery after physical activity. This study aimed to determine the parasympathetic nerves reactivation after upper body exercise among young and middle-aged men.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 24 active men based on their age were divided into two groups including 30-35 (young) and 55-60 years old men (middle-aged). Participants performed upper body exercise on a Monark arm ergometer. During the test, heart rate was recorded continuously by electrocardiogram. Also, participants' heart rate was recorded for 10 minutes after completion of the test. In order to measure the time domain parameters of heart rate variability (PNN50 and RMSSD), one-minute successive RR waves intervals collected in 5 minutes and 10 minutes after the completion of the test and then were transmitted to the heart rate variability software for analysis. Also, heart rate recovery was measured in one minute and two minutes after the test by the difference between the maximum heart rate during the test with heart rate in one and two minutes after the completion of the test.
Results: There was a significant difference between PNN50 in minutes 5 and 10 after the test in young men (P<0.05). Young men also had higher values of RMSSD in minutes 5 and 10 compared to middle-aged men. The heart rate recovery in the 2 minutes after test was significantly higher than 1 minute after test in both groups (P<0.05). Heart rate recovery was higher in young people than in middle-aged people at 5 and 10 minutes after high-intensity exercise due to faster withdrawal of sympathetic nerves.
Conclusion: Changes in the autonomic nervous system is dependent on the type, duration of activity, and the age of the participants.
 

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Background and Objective: Increasing the cost of energy in obesity preventing and treating and reducing its complications can be achieved by stimulating the factors including Irisin and FGF21 associated with browning of the white adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of light and heavy interval exercises on the level of irisin and FGF21 in obese and overweight women.
Methods: This clinical traial study was done on 35 overweight and obese women (39.8±3.85 years old and body mass index 27.1±3.37 kg/m²). The subjects were divided randomly into three groups of interval exercises including Heavy (n=12), light (n=12), and control (n=11) groups. The training program included 12 weeks of heavy and light interval exercises for 25 to 60 minutes per session and three sessions per week. Before and after the training period, irisin and FGF21 serum indices were measured for each subject.
Results: Serum level of FGF21 increased only after 12 weeks of heavy interval training (P<0.05). However, there was no change in serum irisin levels after both heavy and light interval exercises. Body fat percentage, waist to hip ratio, and BMI Subjects of light and heavy interval exercises reduced and VO₂max increased significantly compared to control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: 12 weeks of low and heavy interval training without altering serum levels of irisin have a beneficial effect on increasing VO₂max and improving body composition. Also, heavy interval training has a significant increase in FGF21, Which can be effective in weight loss through the browning of white adipose tissue.
 

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Background and Objective: Age is the greatest risk factor for cardiovascular disease that is associated with shortens telomere. TRF2 and TERT genes expression in heart tissue   reduce in elderly. These geness are associated with shortens telomere. Exercise can play a useful role in maintaining the length of telomeres. This study was carry out to determine the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous endurance training on TRF2 and TERT gene expression in heart tissue of aged male rats.

Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult aged male rats (88-96 weeks, 363±12 g) allocated into three groups including control, endurance training (5 sessions per week: with 60-70 of maximum speed of group) and HIIT (5 sessions per week: 80 percent in the first and second week, 90% maximum speed of the third week, 100 % until the end of the exercise for 6 weeks). Gene expression of TRF2 and TERT were assessment by Real-time - PCR and the quantification of gene expression levels using the Pfaffl formula.

Results: TRF2 gene significantly increased in HIIT and CET groups in compared to control group (P<0.05). TERT gene non- significantly increased in HIIT and CET groups in compared to the control group.

Conclusion: It seems, 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training and continuous endurance training to be able regulate the growth and longevity of the heart cells by maintaining the length telomere by increasing TRF2 gene expression.