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Background & Objective: Bombesin (BBS) is a tetra-decapeptide amino acid neuropeptide in central nervous system within a variety of mammalian species. Also it has many biological effects that may be effective in modulation of anxiety. The aim of present study was to determine the effect of BBS on modulation anxiety reaction in elevated plus maze (EPM) in mice.

 

Materials & Methods: 60 male mice (25-30 g) were used in this study. Bombesin in doses of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 µg/kg IP or saline was injected in different groups 10 min before of evaluation. Five minutes later for increase of activity, animal was put in black box for 5 min. Then each animal in regulated time transferred to standard elevated plus-maze and the time spent in the open arms and the ratio of open arm entries during 5 min, were measured. The data analyzed by using ANOVA and Tukey test.

 

Results: BBS in dose dependently manner increase which the anxiety reaction in mice. Animals had spent lower time and ratio of open arm entries in compare with control group significantly (P<0.05) and BBS only in dose of 1.25 µg/kg did not showed significantly effect.

 

Conclusion: This study indicated that Bombesin in dose dependently manner have important role in modulate anxiety reaction in EPM in mice.

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Background & Objective: Many evidence indicated that action of glucocorticoid receptors can modulate anxiety behaviors and these effects probably mediated by nitric oxide (NO) system. Thus, in this study, we investigated interaction between corticosterone and NO on anxiety behaviors in mice in elevated plus maze (EPM).

Materials & Methods: In this experimental study male albino mice (25-30 g) were used. A standard EPM was used to determine anxiety behaviors. Two behavioral measures were used that include of the percentage of time spent in the open arms and the ratio of open arm entries to total entries during 5 min. Animals received IP injection of L-Name 30 mg/kg as an inhibitor or L-Arginine 50 mg/kg as a synthesis of NO or saline 60 min and corticosterone (1, 2.5, 5 mg/kg) 30 min before of evaluation.

Results: Analysis of data indicated that corticosterone at doses of 1 and 2.5, but not 5 mg/kg significantly reduced anxiety behavior in mice (P<0.05). Also pretreatment of L-Name potentiate but injection of L-Arginine had inhibition of corticosterone effects (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study revealed that glucocorticoid induces anxiolytic effects and these effects probably potentiate by NO inhibitor and reduced by NO synthesis. Therefore, it seems that there are interaction between of glucocorticoid and NO system for control of anxiety behaviors.

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Background & Objective: The effects of acute and chronic exposures to opiate drugs on anxiety process are controversial. Acute morphine injection showed the beneficial effects on anxiety. Morphine withdrawal induced severe anxiety response in morphine dependence rats. Whereas, the effects of chronic administrations of morphine on anxiety process are less studied. Furthermore, this study was designed to assess the role of morphine dependence on the level of anxiety in Rat. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, Twenty male Wistar rats (250-300 gr) were made dependent by chronic administration of morphine in drinking water that lasted at least 21 days. Control groups received only sucrose in their water. This study utilized the elevated plus- maze model to evaluate anxiogenic-like behavior in rats. Four fundamental behavior patterns were recorded for 5 minutes: the time spent on open arms, the number of entries into open arms, stretched-attend posture and defecation. Immediately after test, the locomotor activity of each animal was tested by using an automated activity monitor system. The data were analyzed by independent t-test and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Finding indicated that the time spent on open arms and the numbers of entries into open arms were significantly shorter in morphine dependence group than control group (P<0.05). Also, the numbers of stretched-attend posture and defecation were significantly higher in morphine group (P<0.05). Whereas, there were no significant differences between groups in locomotor activity. Conclusion: This study showed that dependent rats may rapidly predispose anxiogenic- like effects in stressful conditions and without the effect on motor activity.

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Background and Objective: In pathogenesis of beta major thalassemia, tissue damage is occurring due to oxidative stress. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on serum Paraoxonase, SOD, GPX enzyme activity and lipid profiles in beta major thalassemia patients. Materials and Methods: In this clinical tiral study, Sixty (25 males, 35 females) beta major thalassemia patients with age≥18 years who had criterias to enter the study, were selected randomely in two groups. The patients in interventional group, vitamin E at a dose of 400 mg/day were given for three months, with no supplementations in control group. The enzyme activities of paraoxonase, SOD, GPX and lipid profiles (LDL-c, HDL-c, triglyceride, total Antixidant Capacity) were measured prior and after 3 months in both case and control groups. Data analyzed by using paired t-test. Results: Significant increases in serum levels of vitamin E, Paraoxonase activity, HDL cholesterol (P<0.001), BMI (P≤0.001) and a significant reduction in GPX activity (P<0.05) were observed in cases compared to controls. Conclusion: The vitamin E supplementation may be useful in reducing oxidative stress and lipid profiles in beta major thalassemic patients.

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Background and Objective: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety, which is induced by exposure to life-threatening trauma and produces memory dysfunctions. This study was done to evaluate the effect of β-estradiol on traumatic memory after post-traumatic stress disorder induced by modified single-prolonged stress model in male rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was done on 70 male Wistar rats, weighted 200-250 grams. Initially 30 rats randomly allocated into control, shock and single prolonged stress accompanied shock (SPS&S). In SPS&S group immobilized for 2h, followed immediately with a 20 min forced swim conducted in a cylindrical filled with water. After recuperating for 15 min, animals anesthetized with ether. After 30 min recovery, stressed rats placed in the conditioned fear system (CFS). They received one 1mA, 4 second electric foot shock and remained in the chamber for another 60 second before being returned to their home cages. Shock group: Animals placed in CFS and only received the same shock as previous experiment. Naive group: Animals were removed from their home cages and exposed to chamber without receiving any foot shock. 1, 2 and 3 week later, animals in all groups were re-exposed to the shock chamber for 3 min, in order to examine conditioned fear response. In the second experiment rats were injected with β-estradiol (90 µg/kg), one and two week after training. Date were analyzed using SPSS-16, ANOVA and LSD tests. Results: SPS&S significantly induced freezing response (traumatic memory) compared with controls and shock groups (P<0.05) following three weeks. This response significantly reduced due to repetitive injection of β-estradiol in rats (P<0.05). After three weeks causes of enhanced freezing response (traumatic memory) compare with both, shock and sham groups (P<0.001). β-estradiol significantly reduced this response in rats (P<0.001). Conclusion: β-estradiol's administration following PTSD induction by modified single-prolonged stress, significantly decreased the freezing response. Therefore, β-estradiol can prevent the formation of traumatic memory.

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Background and Objective: Leptin has a key role in obesity and type 2 of diabetes. This study was done to compare the effects of eight weeks aerobic and combined training on serum levels of leptin and glucose in type 2 diabetic men. Method: This clinical trial study was performed on 24 men with type 2 diabetes whom reffered to Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah, West of Iran during June to August 2012. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups including aerobic training, combined training (aerobic and resistance training) and control groups. Training protocols included three 1-hour sessions per week for eight weeks. Subjects in the control group did not participate in any physical activities. Serum levels of leptin and glucose were measured 48 hours before and 48 hours after intervention as fasting values in pre-and post-tests. Results: There was no significant difference between groups at pre-test for serum levels of leptin and glucose. After intervention, serum level of glucose in the aerobic group and serum level of glucose and leptin in the combined group were significantly reduced in compared to the controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic and combined training with beneficial effects on the sera glucose level are recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes. However, combined training, regarding reducing leptin level seems to be more useful for these subjects.

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There is not comprehensive information available about the control, complications and treatment methods of factor VII deficiency. Online registry system called seven treatment evaluation registries (STER) has been created which investigated the disease as an international multi-center prospective observational project in order to provide information about the effect and immunity of available therapies. In this report, five patients with factor VII deficiency were diagnosed and registered in Golestan Province, Northern Iran, during 2010-11. All treatment protocol, demographic charectristic of patients were collected and registered in www.targetseven.org on the basis of STER´s protocol.

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Background and Objective: Deferoxamin is the current “gold standard” chelator in comparison with new chelators. Combined therapy of Deferiprone and deferoxamin reduces the cardiac iron overload in patients with major talassemia. This study was done to evaluate the effect of defriprone-deferoxamine on heart function in patients with major thalassemia. Methods: In this historical cohort study, 8 patients with major beta thalassemia treated by subcutaneous deferoxamine were randomly selected and LVEF (the rate of blood that exited from heart in each beat) and serum ferritin were measeared. The patients were treated by deferiprone (50-100 mg/kg/day) compained with dferoxamine (30-50 mg/kg as 3 times in a week). In the end of each year, LVEF and serum ferritin of patients were measured. Results: The ferritin level changed from 3243.12 in the first year to 2672.75 mg/kg at the end of third year. The mean of LVEF changed from 71.12% to 64.62 %. The correlation of serum ferritin and LVEF only at the end of third year was significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Combined therapy of deferiprone-deferoxamine during 3 years reduces ferritin and LVEF in patients with major thalassemia.

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Background and Objective: Creatine is one of the most important and commonly used supplements athletes, although the molecular mechanisms of creatine and its side effects are less understood. The high level of the ceratin kinase enzyme and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes are considered to be a sign of cell damage. This study was done to determine the effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes following a severe muscle contraction in female athletes.
Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial study, 30 female athletes were randomly divided into intervention (creatine supplementation 0.3 grams per body weight for 4 times duing 7 days and control (placebo, starch powder) groups. Blood sample was collected before supplementation (pre-test) and 24 hours after Cunningham exercise test (post-test) to measuring CK and LDH in each subject.
Results: After intervention, the level of CK (323±63 IU/L) and LDH (119±13 IU/L) in intervention group had no significant difference in compared to control group (CK: 328±44 IU/L and LDH: 122±14 IU/L).
Conclusion: The usage of a 7-day course of creatine supplement did not significantly change the CK and LDH levels following a severe muscle contraction in female athletes.

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Background and Objective: Coronary heart disease (CAD) is one of the most important causes of death in most countries including Iran. Exercise training after coronary artery bypass grafting and the resulting adaptations increase the capillary density of skeletal and cardiac muscle along with the development of new capillaries and improve cardiovascular and functional ability due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis. This study was done to evaluate the effect of aerobic-resistance training on plasma levels of PGC1α (Peroxisome proliferator 1a) in post coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients.
Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 30 male patients aged 45-60 years who underwent bypass surgery. The patients were randomly divided into intervention and control groups, respectively. Subjects in interventional group were received aerobic resistance training for eight weeks (3 sessions per week). Subjects in control group did not receive any intervention. To measure lymphocytes, fasting blood samples were taken 48 hours prior to the bigning of the first training session and also 48 hours after the last training session. PGC1α was measured using ELISA method.
Results: Aerobic-resistance training caused a significant increase in plasma level of PGC1α in the training group compared to the control group (P<0.05). In intervention group, plasma level of PGC1α was significantly higher after the exercise than before the exercise (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Aerobic-resistance training exercise with increasing serum levels of PGC1α can play a role as an effective factor in initiating angiogenic processes and increasing capillary density and be used as an effective factor in various people, especially cardiovascular patients.

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Background and Objective: Exercise in cardiac patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) improves cardiovascular function by increasing the capillary density of the myocardium. Platelet-derived growth factor and stromal cell-derived factor-1 play an important role in angiogenesis and cell proliferation and differentiation. This study was performed to determine the effect of eight weeks of combined training on plasma levels of Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1) in CABG patients.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 24 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting operation were selected using convenience and purposeful sampling method and randomly divided into two combined training and control groups. Subjects in combined training group were received aerobic and resistance training protocols for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Before and after training program, body composition assessments and blood sampling were performed to measure Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1). ELISA method was used to measure PDGF and SDF1.
Results: The level of PDGF was significantly increased in intervention group in compared to control group (P<0.05). Although the level of SDF1 in the intervention group increased in intervention group in compared to control group; but this increase level of SDF1 was not significant.
Conclusion: This study showed that the eight weeks of combined rehabilitation training can promote desirable physiological adaptations in cardiovascular health by increasing the plasma levels of PDGF.

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Trichotillomania disorder, or hair pulling disorder, is a condition in which patients unconsciously engage in hair-pulling, which reinforces compulsive hair pulling behaviors, culminating in conscious and deliberate hair pulling. Behavioral therapy is a common treatment approach for this disorder. Habit-reversal training (HRT) is a particularly effective treatment method for children with intellectual disabilities who exhibit this disorder. This case report presents the efficacy of HRT in reducing trichotillomania-associated severity and distress. The patient was a 13-year-old girl with intellectual disability who met the diagnostic criteria for trichotillomania according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V). She received eight sessions of HRT techniques over one month. The Massachusetts General Hospital Hair Pulling Scale (MGH-HPS) was employed to measure the severity and distress of the hair pulling behavior. Given the patient’s intellectual disability (intelligence quotient [IQ]=65) and limited ability to respond to self-report questions about the nature of self-interests, the parent-report version of the scale was used both during the treatment and the one-month follow-up. The effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated using visual analysis of graphs, percentage of improvement, effect size, and photographs of the eyebrow hair pulling before and after treatment. The results indicated that the HRT significantly reduced both the severity (effect size=1.75) and distress (effect size=1.77) of the trichotillomania disorder, and the patient exhibited a high percentage of improvement. The one-month follow-up demonstrated that the results were maintained.